「拝啓　村上春樹さま　――エルサレム賞の受賞について」（転載用）

　今、あちこちで転載されているだろう「拝啓　村上春樹さま　――エルサレム賞の受賞について」の日本語版と英語版を、うちのブログでも貼り付けようと思います。ところで、いざMLや自分のブログに貼り付けるとき、紹介文を作ったり、テンプレートを整えたりって、ひと手間かかりますよね。ということで、私が実際にMLに流した紹介文付きでのっけておきます。
　あと、英語版にid:toledさんの追記付き。ここがいいよね↓

No, I know there's something called reality, I was born to make a difference there, and I'm going back. And Bii's message is a secret contact device between my dream reality and my real reality.

（以下、転載歓迎）
　先日、小説家の村上春樹さんが、イスラエルのエルサレム市から「エルサレム賞」に選ばれたことが報道されました。この件に関して、パレスチナ問題の活動家が、賞を辞退するように勧める公開書簡を発表しています。MLなどでの転載可能とのことですので、ご紹介します。（なお、日本語版のあとには、英語版も続けて転載しておきます。）

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拝啓　村上春樹さま、

この度、村上さんが、イスラエルのエルサレム市が大きく関与している文学賞「エルサレム賞」を受賞なさるということを聞きました。しかし、お祝いの言葉を私は言うことができません。この賞は「社会における個人の自由」を描いた作者に贈られるとありましたが、村上さんがそれにふさわしくないのではなく、贈る側が「社会における個人の自由」を口にする資格がありません。この賞を辞退なさることをお薦めします。

つい先日までイスラエルがパレスチナのガザに大規模な攻撃を行い、その前から経済封鎖を受けて、ほとんどの必要物資に事欠き、重病人はどんどん死んでいったガザをさらに瓦礫の野とし、1300人以上の（しかも3分の1は子どもたちの）人びとを殺したことは詳しく書かなくてもご存知だと思います。攻撃が小止みになっても、ガザは経済封鎖を受けたままであり、150万の人が巨大な監獄と化した場所で生活の糧も失い、なんとか生きながらえています。

これについて、ホロコーストで家族を失ったユダヤ系英国人、ジェラルド・バーナード・カウフマン卿は、1月15日、英国議会下院で演説を行い、その中で以下のように語っています。

……「祖母は、ナチスがスタシュフの町に侵攻したとき、病床にありました。ドイツ軍兵士がベッドに伏せていた祖母を撃ち殺しました。

祖母の死を、ガザにいるパレスチナの祖母たちを虐殺するイスラエル兵士の隠れ蓑にしないでください。現在のイスラエル政府は、パレスチナの人々に対する殺戮行為を正当化するために、ホロコーストにおけるユダヤ人虐殺に対し異教徒たちが抱き続けている罪の意識を冷酷かつ冷笑的に悪用しています。それは、ユダヤ人の命は貴重であるが、パレスチナ人の命は価値がないとする視点を暗黙に示唆しています。」……（「イスラエルの戦争犯罪を告発するユダヤ教徒カウフマン卿の演説」 TUP速報より）

それはイスラエル政府のしたことであり、文学賞は関係ないと思われるかもしれません。しかし、文学が人間を描くかぎりどこかで政治的であること以上に、文学賞はきわめて政治的なものであり、イスラエルはあなたに踏み絵を差し出したのです。たぶん、村上さんはそのことに自覚的であると推察しています。

この賞がアパルトヘイト政策下の南アフリカのものだったら、果して受賞する文学者はどれだけいるでしょう？

少し視点を変え、この賞の「エルサレム賞」という名前について、考えてみましょう。

ユダヤ教徒、クリスチャン、ムスリムが（一時的な例外を除き）共存をしてきたパレスチナにあって、エルサレムは信仰の、文化の、社会のセンターとして機能してきた歴史的な街です。1947年の国連による分割決議案でも、エルサレムは国際共同管理地域とされていました。しかし、第一次中東戦争により、イスラエルが西エルサレムを、トランス・ヨルダンが東エルサレムを統治するという形で分割され、さらに1967年の第三次中東戦争ではイスラエルが西岸・ガザを占領した際に、東エルサレムはイスラエルによって、一方的に「拡大エルサレム市」に併合され、後にイスラエルはエルサレムを首都だと宣言しました。

この併合は国際的には認められていませんし、エルサレムをイスラエルの首都だとして大使館を置く国は現在ありません。

東エルサレムに住むパレスチナ人は重い税をイスラエルに納めた上で、「エルサレム市民権」（イスラエル市民権ではありません）を与えられ、「住むことを許可」されていますが、これもいくつにもわたる罰則規定で、容易に取り上げることが可能になっています。家の増改築も許可されず、それに違反したとして、家屋破壊を受けるケースがずっと続いてきています。それに反し、東エルサレムにはユダヤ人のためだけの入植地がどんどん増加し（パレスチナ人の土地を奪って作られています）、いまや20万人を超えるユダヤ人が東エルサレムには住んでい
ます。

その状況を示す地図：
http://0000000000.net/p-navi/info/column/200508310306.htm

イスラエルはこのエルサレムを西岸などのほかのパレスチナ人に立ち入ることを禁じ、隔離壁（分離壁）でさらに締め出しを強化しました（隔離壁は東エルサレムの街の中にも建っています）。あなたや私が入ることのできるエルサレムは、大半のパレスチナ人にとっては、踏みいることのできない場所となっているのです。

村上さん、あなたに賞を贈るエルサレム市長は、このような政策を続けている立場の人です。また、「エルサレム賞」というときの「エルサレム」とは、パレスチナ人を排除して、国連決議にも反し、イスラエルが一方的に押し進めている「イスラエルのためのエルサレム」なのです。このことで、この賞が「社会における個人の自由」からどれだけ遠いものなのかはわかっていただけたと思います。

あなたはサンフランシスコ・クロニクルに掲載されたインタビューでこのように発言なさっていますね。

Q: It has been said that history has loomed larger in your recent writing. Do you agree?

A: Yes. I think history is collective memories. In writing, I'm using my own memory and I'm using my collective memory. I like to read books on history and I'm interested in the Second World War. I was born in 1949, after the war ended, but I feel like I'm kind of responsible for that war.
I don't know why. Many people say, "I was born after the war, so I'm not responsible at all - I don't know about the comfort women or the Nanking massacre."

I want to do something as a fiction writer about those things, those atrocities. We have to be responsible for our memories. My stories are not written in realistic style. But you have to see reality. That is your duty, that is your obligation.

（http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/10/24/RVL713GP8T.DTL 　より）

あなたの言う集団的記憶（collective memory）ということでいえば、イスラエル建国からのパレスチナ人の集団的記憶は、つねに闇のなかに押し込められてきました。「エルサレム賞」はその闇をいっそう塗りかためる役割を担っています。

どうか、あなたの集団的記憶のなかに、片隅においやられているパレスチナ人の集団的記憶、イスラエルの政策を批判する少数のユダヤ人たちの集団的記憶を少しでも取り込んでください。「責任を持たねばならない」という「私たちの歴史」に、あなたが生まれる前年に誕生したイスラエルが引き起こしてきた歴史を含めてください。「atrocities」（残虐行為）は、あなたの受けるという賞の背後にも十分以上に横たわっています。

もちろん、エルサレム賞でスーザン・ソンタグが取った対応をあなたも取ることは可能です。ソンタグはその受賞式でこのようにスピーチしました（2001年）。

「……集団的懲罰の根拠としての集団責任という原則は、軍事的にも倫理的にも、決して正当化しえない、と私は信じている。何を指しているかと言えば、一般市民への均衡を欠いた火力兵器攻撃、彼らの家の解体、彼らの果樹園や農地の破壊、彼らの生活手段と雇用、就学、医療、近隣市街・居住区との自由な往来の権利の剥奪である……。こうしたことが、敵対的な軍事攻撃に対する罰として行われている。なかには、敵対的軍事行動の現場とは隔たった地域の一般市民に対して、こうしたことが行われているケースもある。

私は以下のことも信じている。自治区でのイスラエル人の居住地区建設が停止され、次いでーーなるべく早期にーーすでに作られた居住区の撤去と、それらを防衛すべく集中配備されている軍隊の撤退が行われるまで、この地に平和は実現しない、と。……」（『この時代に想うテロへの眼差し』スーザン・ソンタグ　木幡和枝/訳 (NTT出版 2002年)より引用）

しかし、賞を辞退するのも、あなたが共犯者とならないですむひとつの方法です。

それでも、村上さん、あなたが受賞のためにエルサレムに出向くというなら、受賞式より前に入植地で虫食いになった東エルサレムを、人びとを分断し隔離する巨大な壁を、たくさんの検問所を、囲い込まれて身動きがとれなくなった西岸の街をご自分の目で見ていただきたいと思います。パレスチナの人びとの声に耳を傾けてほしいと思います。イスラエルのおつきの人の目を盗んで、ひとり動きまわるのは村上さんならやすやすとできそうです。

どこへ、どのように行ったらいいか、わからない場合は、以下にコンタクトをすれば、移動をアレンジしてくれるでしょう。

AIC - The Alternative Information Center

あなたの行為が、世界中のあなたの読者を、そしてあなた自身の作品を裏切らないでいてほしいと思うばかりです。

最後に米国に住むユダヤ系の一研究者の自伝的なエッセイを紹介します。イスラエルが個人から自由と尊厳をどれだけ奪っているか、少数であるがイスラエルに異を唱えるものたちの集団的記憶が語られています。

Sara Roy, "Living with the Holocaust: The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors"
http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/11400
（邦訳は『みすず』no.525、2005年3月号に掲載されている）

敬具

ビー・カミムーラ（ナブルス通信編集部）
転載元：http://0000000000.net/p-navi/info/column/200901271425.htm

以下は英語版。翻訳は常野雄次郎による。
Open Letter to Haruki Murakami about his Jerusalem Prize

Dear Haruki Murakami,

I have learned that you have won the "Jerusalem Prize," a literary award the City of Jerusalem, Israel, is heavily involved in. I am unable to extend my congratulations, however. According to what I have heard, this prize is awarded to authors who depict "the freedom of the individual in society." I urge you to decline. It is not that you are not eligible; It is just that they are not qualified to say anything about "the freedom of the individual in society."

You should know all this so I do not have to write it: until very recently, Israel was conducting massive operations against Gaza, Palestine, where economic sanctions had made most basic necessities scarce and the heavily sick had been dying in numbers, ruined the city, and killed more than 1,300 people, a third of them children. Although the attacks are getting less frequent, Gaza is still under economic sanctions, and a million and a half people are struggling to survive with little to eat in what has now become a gigantic prison.

On this situation, Sir Gerald Bernard Kaufman, a Jewish citizen of the United Kingdom who lost his family in the Holocaust, spoke in the British parliament on January 15:

…My grandmother was ill in bed when the Nazis came to her home town of Staszow. A German soldier shot her dead in her bed.

My grandmother did not die to provide cover for Israeli soldiers murdering Palestinian grandmothers in Gaza. The current Israeli government ruthlessly and cynically exploits the continuing guilt among Gentiles over the slaughter of Jews in the holocaust as justification for their murder of Palestinians. The implication is that Jewish lives are precious, but the lives of Palestinians do not count.

You may say that is what the Israeli Government has done, not the award. However, not only does literature remain political in some sense as long as it is about human beings, but the award itself is highly political, and Israel is using you as a testing ground. I imagine you, Mr. Murakami, are aware about it.

Let us say what if this award had been from South Africa under apartheid; how many novelists, poets, and critics would there have been to accept it?

Try another angle: let us think about this name, the "Jerusalem Prize."

Jerusalem is a historical city which used to be a religious, cultural, and social center of Palestine, where the Jews, Palestinians, and Muslims were living together (except for some temporary anomalies). The UN resolution of 1947 also designated Jerusalem as an internationally administered zone. The 1948 war partitioned it so the Western part was to be governed by Israel and the Eastern part by Transjordan. Israel incorporated East Jerusalem in the Six Day War and declared it its capital.

This annexation has not been internationally recognized, and no country has an embassy in Jerusalem.

Those Palestinians who live in East Jerusalem and pay heavy taxes to Israel are given a "Jerusalem Citizenship" [raito-to-bii-sitizun in za eresaremu] (which is not an Israeli citizenship) and "permitted to live" there. But the right is easily revoked based on a number of penalty regulations. House renovations are not allowed, and residences have been destroyed in violation of that rule. On the other hand, Jewish settlements, which are created by depriving Palestinians of their land, have been on the constant rise, so more than two hundred thousand Jews live there now.

See the map below for your reference on this:

http://0000000000.net/p-navi/info/column/200508310306.htm

Israel prohibits other Palestinians who live in the West Bank and elsewhere from visiting Jerusalem, and the government is reinforcing this policy with separation barriers (which are built even across East Jerusalem). You, Mr. Murakami, and I can enter Jerusalem, but most Palestinians cannot.

The mayor of the city, who is about to present you with the award, stands for this policy, Mr. Murakami. And "Jerusalem" of the "Jerusalem Prize" is "Jerusalem for Israel," which excludes Palestinians, is violating UN resolutions, and has been unilaterally imposed by Israel. By now you should realize how far the award is from "the freedom of the individual in society."

In an interview by the San Francisco Chronicle, you have said:

Q: It has been said that history has loomed larger in your recent writing. Do you agree?

A: Yes. I think history is collective memories. In writing, I'm using my own memory and I'm using my collective memory. I like to read books on history and I'm interested in the Second World War. I was born in 1949, after the war ended, but I feel like I'm kind of responsible for that war. I don't know why. Many people say, "I was born after the war, so I'm not responsible at all - I don't know about the comfort women or the Nanking massacre."

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/10/24/RVL713GP8T.DTL

Speaking of collective memory you refer to here, that of Palestinians about the foundation of Israel has always been forced into darkness, and the "Jerusalem Prize" has been playing a role in that operation. I would appreciate it if you could include in your collective memory just a bit of space for collective memory of the disenfranchised Palestinians and a small number of Jews against the Israeli policies. It would be great if you could included in "our memories" for which "we have to be responsible" the memories on what Israel started one year before you were born. "[A]trocities" are also shadowing the award you are to receive.

Of course, repeating what Susan Sontag did with the Jerusalem Prize is an option. This is what she said at the acceptance in 2001:

I believe that the doctrine of collective responsibility, as a rationale for collective punishment, is never justified, militarily or ethically. I mean the use of disproportionate firepower against civilians, the demolition of their homes and destruction of their orchards and groves, the deprivation of their livelihood and their access to employment, schooling, medical services, free access to neighboring towns and communities…all as a punishment for hostile military activity which may or may not even be in the vicinity of these civilians.

I also believe that there can be no peace here until the planting of Israeli communities in the Territories is halted, followed by the eventual dismantling of these settlements.

http://web.archive.org/web/20011114221859/http://www.ajds.org.au/intifada/sontag2.htm

Declining the award, however, is also a way for you not to be complicit.

If you still insist on visiting Jerusalem to get it, Mr. Murakami, you should see East Jerusalem beforehand, the massive walls that divide and separate people, the plentiful checkpoints, and the cities in the West Bank which are surrounded and disabled; listen to the people of Palestine. It would be easy for you to escape from the Israeli guards'care and move around by yourself.

If you do not know where or how, make an arrangement with the following:

AIC - The Alternative Information Center

I just hope you will not betray your international readers and your own works.

To finish off, let me introduce an autobiographical essay by a Jewish researcher who lives in the United States. She here talks about how Israel is depriving the individual of freedom and dignity, and about collective memory of minority Israelis who dissent.

Sara Roy, "Living with the Holocaust: The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors"

http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/11400

Bii Kamimura [aka p-navi],

Editor at Nablus Tsushin

p.s.

Harold Pinter's acceptance speech could also help you:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2005/dec/08/theatre.nobelprize

The original letter by Bii in Japanese can be found here:

http://0000000000.net/p-navi/info/column/200901271425.htm

Translator's note

Translation always involves a trade-off: fidelity to the text, readability, time-budget constraints, etc; there are many things to consider and many things to pretend to forget about. This time, I decided to prioritize one thing and sacrifice everything else: my desire to keep on traveling, by which I mean this. January has been a special period for me. It all started with an infatuation with a law student in Kyoto. She rejected me in about three hours of the initial meeting, but was kind enough to give me something, something I did not used to have, and that's what got me started. I've been in the state of constant carelessness since and it's been like you-think-about-a-location-and-in-three-seconds-you're-there-already. But I can't go on like this forever because it isn't real life, which is always full of mistakes, pains, and tears and if you feel no pain, chances are you are somewhere else. It's time to get back to the reality, or none of it would amount to anything. So I've been looking for a closure. There's more than one way to close, and if I had to close, I'd like to do it my way. And so you've read the letter in English. This is my closure, for you to read it and carry it on. What do you think of it? Well, personally, I think Bii's kind of off the mark. Just to point out one thing, I'd say she is gravely overestimating Haruki and underestimating the Israeli dissenters and the international Jews. No, it's not his chance, but it's their opportunity to make a difference and some of them truly deserve this expectation. But forget about it. There are many ways to read a text, and one way is to ignore the designated addressee. Perhaps Haruki isn't the destination of her message after all. Perhaps it was meant for someone else. And I thought what if that someone were unable to read Japanese? Wouldn't it be sad if a message in a bottle were to remain by himself in the Ocean? It's been more than three days since Bii wrote the piece, and it seems like it has yet to reach its destination. So I thought, I could exit my January through this translation, a January that almost made me want to stay forever even if it meant entrapment. No, I know there's something called reality, I was born to make a difference there, and I'm going back. And Bii's message is a secret contact device between my dream reality and my real reality. Her writing moves me in a special way, and guess what, I wouldn't have felt it without this fantastic January. I haven't cleared copyright issues with Bii. Nor have I had my translation edited or proofread, which is sure to cause an embarrassment which I wouldn't normally risk. But it's January 31 today, and thank God there is a 31 in January. At the ultimate limit of my journey, I've found a portal between the dream and the reality. As I post this, my journey ends peacefully, and continues violently. Be assured, I'm a dialectical materialist, and according to Walter Benjamin, that's someone who is sure about a message arriving at its destinations and tries to intervene to create and/or defend the secret portal. Yujiro Tsuneno, Tokyo, Japan. (remenber, this is just a translation of a text which desrves multiple translations).
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転載元：http://d.hatena.ne.jp/toled/20090131